初中英语人教版知识点总结(2)
初中英语人教版知识点总结:动 词
一、联系动词
(1)表示状态的词:
be/seem/appear/look/sound/feel/taste/smell/keep/
remain等。
(2)表示状态变化的词:become/get/grow/turn/fall等。
(3)联系动词后跟形容词或名词作表语。
二、情态动词
(1)can :能、会,表示能力,相当于be able to,可以,表示许可,相当于may.
区别:can没有将来时和完成时。
Be able to可用于将来时和完成时。
(2)may:可以,可能,或许。
注意:may be情态动词,在句中作谓语,意为可能是。
May be副词,在句中作状语,意为很可能,大概。
例如:
You may be right. May be you are right.
(3)must:必须,一定。Must be 表示肯定的推测,准是,一定是。
区别:must表示说话人的主观看法,意为必须。
Have to表示外界客观愿望,意为不得不。
例如:
Her mother is ill,she has to stay at home and take care of her.
You must look after your mother.
(4)could比can 语气更婉转,客气,并不表示过去时。
例如:could you tell me the way to the bus station?
(5)注意回答形式:
May I …? Yes,you may./no,you can′t(mustn′t).
Must I …? Yes,you must./no,you needn′t.
(6)should表示应当,应该,与疑问句连用表示以外,惊奇。
例如:what should I do ?
(7)will,would在交际用语中,would更客气,表示邀请。
Shall we …? Shall用于主语是第一和第三人称的疑问句中,表示请求。
Will you …? Will用于主语是第二人称的疑问句中表示请求。
三、助动词
助动词有be/do/does/did/have/has/will/would等。
(1)助动词be用于构成进行时态,被动语态。
(2)助动词have用于构成完成时态。
(3)助动词do用于构成疑问句和否定句。
(4)do位于动词前,加强说话的语气。
例如:do be quiet,children.孩子们,务必安静点。
(5)do用于倒装句。
例如:only then did I realize it.到那时我才意识到这一点。
四、实义动词(行为动词)
(1)不及物动词:不能直接跟宾语,常须加介词后方能加宾语。
例如:look at(for,after) get to(on,off) hear of(from) point to(at,out) worry about.
(2)及物动词:后面必须跟宾语,意义才完整。
例如:we study english.
注意:在及物动词+副词构成的动副词搭配时,代词应放在中间。
例如:turn on the radio. Turn it on.
(3)行为动词的几种变化形式:
规则动词:
Enjoy(原型)enjoys(第三人称单数)enjoyed(过去式)enjoyed(过去分词)enjoying(现在分词)
不规则动词:
A-A-A型:put-put-put bit-bit-bit read-read-read
A-A-B型:beat-beat-beaten.
A-B-A型:come-came-come run-ran-run
A-B-B型:bring-brought-brought buy-bought-bought
Dig- dug-dug feed-fed-fed feel-felt-felt
A-B-C型:begin-began-begun blow-blew-blown
Wear-wore-worn
情态动词及助动词:can-could/may-might/shall-should/
Will-would/
(4)现在分词的变化方法
直接在动词的后面加ing work-working do-doing
以e结尾的去e加ing, write-writing like-liking
重读闭音节双写最后的辅音字母加ing,swin-swimming
Dig-digging hit-hitting
注意:lie-lying die-dying
(5)词语辨析
A.look see watch read
Look:看,强调看的动作。Look at the bird. See:看见,强调看的结果,see a film watch:观看,指特别留意,感兴趣的看,watch TV read:读,阅读 read a book
B:say speak talk tell
Say:可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词,它的含义是“说”、“说明”、或“表达”(思想、感情)。
Say to sb.
Speak:作及物动词时它的含义是“说话”、“交谈”“发言,演说” speak at the meeting作及物动词,有被动语态,宾语的内容常为某种语言或语言范畴的词语。
例如:speak english
Talk:作不及物的含义是:“讲话”、“谈论”等。
例如:talk about sth.talk with sb
Tell:常用作及物动词,它的含义是“讲”、“告诉”等。与can/be able to,could连用时它的含义是“辨别”、“认出”等。例如:tell sb.to do sth tell sb .about sth.
She can′t tell her hat from mine.
C.bring take
Bring:它的含义是“拿来”、“取来”。它表示从远处拿到说话人的地点。常与here/me搭配。它的反义词是take.
Please bring me a dictionary tomorrow.
Take:它的含义是“带走”、“拿走”,常指从说话地拿到远处去,常与there/away搭配。
D.borrow lend keep
Borrow:它的含义是“借进”、“向人借”,短暂性动词。
Borrow sth.from sb.
Lend:它的含义是“把……借给”“出租”,短暂性动词。
Lend sb.sth=lend sth .to sb.
Keep:它的含义是“借一段时间”,常与一段时间的时间状语连用,延续性动词。
例如:how long may I keep it? Two weeks.
E.listen hear
Listen:是不及物动词,不接宾语,强调听的动作,它常与介词to连用。I listened carefully,but heard nothing.
Hear:它可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词。常指听的结果,区别:hear from 收到某人的来信(消息)
Jim′s mother haven′t heard from him for a long time.
Hear of:听人说起
F:look for find find out
Look for:它的含义是“寻找”通常指动作和状态,不强调动作的最后结果。
Find:它的含义是“找到”、“找回”、“发现”,常表示已有结果。
Find out:它的含义是经过观测和研究后才“找到”“了解”“发现”或“弄清楚”某些事情的“真相”或“秘密”。
We looked for him everywhere,but didn′t find him.
Can you find out who broke the windows?
G.put wear dress have on
Put on:是强调“穿”、“戴”一开始的短暂动作,它的含义是“穿上”、“戴上”、“披上”等。另外它还指“上演(节目、戏剧)”、开(收音机灯)等。
例如:why don′t you put on your sporting coat?
Wear:它的含义也表示“穿着”、“戴着”等,它强调穿或戴着的状态,不指动作。She always wears a blue skirt.
Have on:它的含义也表示“穿着”、“戴着”,同样强调状态,它没有进行时态。When she left,she had on a dark hat and a pair of red golves.
Dress:它的含义是“穿好衣服”、“打扮”等,它强调动作而不是状态。
例如:the little boy shouted at his mother while she dressed.
Dress sb/oneself 给…(或自己)穿好衣服 get dress穿好衣服
Dress up打扮,穿上盛装
H.forget leave
Forget :它的含义是“忘记作某事”
例如:I forget to tell you about it.
Leave:它的含义是“把某物忘在某处,(有地点状语)”。
He left his umbrella on the train.
I.take spend cost pay
Take:它的含义是“花费时间”,其主语常用it来代替正真的主语。常用的结构是:it takes sb.sometime to do sth.it took me an hour to find my keys in the house.
Spend:它的含义是“花费时间或者金钱”,其主语是指人的名词或代词。常用的结构是sb.spend some time or money on sth/spends some in(doing) sth.
Cost:它的含义是“花钱买东西”,主语多为物,宾语是人,通常不用被动语态。常用的结构是:sth costs sb.some money .
例如:this watch cost me sixty-five pounds.
Pay:sb pays some money for sth./sb.pay sb./sb.pays some money to do sth.
例如:i paid seventeen yuan for this type of pen yesterday.
My mother paid the porter at the station.
(6)有些及物动词后可以跟双宾语即直接宾语(表物)和间接宾语(表人),间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前,若颠倒两者的位置,则通常在间接宾语前加一个介词(to或for).
Draw sth.for sb get sth.for sb
Make sth.for sb cook sth.for sb
Mend sth.for sb keep sth.for sb
Buy sth.for sb return sth.for sb
Pass sth.to sb bring sth.to sb
Give sth.to sb take sth.to sb
Lend sth.to sb write sth.to sb
Show sth.to sb send sth.to sb
五、动词不定式
形式:to+动词原形
特点:(1)无人称和数的变化(2)在句中不能作谓语(3)可以有自己的宾语或状语,构成不定式短语。
1、在begin/hope/start/wish/want/decide等词之后一般用动词不定式作宾语,而在ask/tell/invite/order/help等词之后一般用动词不定式作补足语。Help后可省略to.
例如:
He wants to buy an english dictionary.
Please ask him not to be late again.
Please help me(to)carry the box,will you?
2、在see/hear/watch/notice/let/make/have/feel等感观动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式,一般要省略to.
例如:the boss made him do heavy work.
注意:(1)上述动词用于被动语态时,to要还原。
例如:he was made to do heavy work by the boss.
(2)在上述动词的后面可用现在分词作宾补,但用现在分词和动词不定式所表示的意思不同。
I saw the boy climb the wall.我看见小孩爬墙了。(强调爬墙这件事,动作结束了)。
I saw the boy climb the wall.我看见小孩正在爬墙。(强调爬墙的情景)
3、had better/why not +省略to 的动词不定式。
4、动词不定式常与特殊疑问句连用。
He did not know when to start.
We did not know how to get there.
5、特殊结构:
(1)would like/love to do 想要做某事
注意:feel like+doing sth 想要做…
(2)it is time (for sb.)to do sth.=it is time for sth是干某事的时候了
(3)it takes sb.…to do sth.=sb.spend…(in)doing sth.花(时间)做某事
(4)too…+形容词+to do sth 太…以至于不能…
(5)have…to do 有……要做(动词不定式作定语)
例如:I have a lot of homework to do
(6)主语+be+(感情)形容词+to +动词原形
例如:I am glad to see you.
(7)it+be+(品行)形容词+of+人+to+动词原形
例如:it is very kind/nice/good of you to do so.
(8)形容词+enough+to+动词原形
例如:he is strong enough to move the stone.
六、动名词
特点:(1)无人称和数的变化;(2)在句中不能作谓语。
1、介词后面的动词形式必须是动名词。
例如:he sat there without saying word.
2、只能跟动名词作直接宾语的及物动词和短语有:
Enjoy/finish/mind/practice/suggest/avoid/excuse/keep/can not help/feel like/give up/be used to/look forward to/be worth.
3、既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作宾语的动词有:
A:stop/to do sth(停下来做某事)/doing sth(停止做某事)
例如:
We stopped talking when the teacher came in.老师进来的时候,我们停止说话。
We stopped to hava rest after a long walk.走了很长的一段路,我们停下来休息一下。
B:remember/to do sth(记得去做某事)/doing sth(记得做过某事)。
例如:
I remember to take the medicine at the right time.我记住要按时吃药。(还没吃)
I remember taking the medicine at the right time.我记得已按时吃过药了。(吃过了)
C:forget/to do sth(忘记去做某事)/doing sth(忘记做过某事)
例如:
I forgot to tell her about it.我忘了告诉她这件事。(没告诉)
I forgot sending the letter.我忘了发错信了。(已发过了)
D:try/to do sth(试图)/doing sth(试着干)
例如:
If you can not go to sleep,try to count from 1 to100.
Have you ever tried cooking meat in this way?
七、动词的时态
1、根据时间状语确定谓语动词的时态。
与不同时态连用的时间状语如下:
(1)一般现在时:
usually/often/always/sometimes/everyday/month.等。
(2)现在进行时:
now/these days/months/this week等。When,while引导状语从句。
(3)一般将来时:
Tomorrow/today,tonight/in……/soon等。
(4)现在完成时:yet/already/just/recently/ever/never以及for+一般时间短语和由since引导的表示时间的短语及时间状语从句。
(5)过去进行时:this time yesterday/at 8:00yesterday/just now/those days等。
(6)过去完成时:by the end of last term/before that day以及由when/before/after/as soon as等引导的表示过去时间的状语从句。
注意:在不同的语境中,同一时间状语可能与不同的时态连用。
例如:
(1)he was reading a novel yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他在看一部小说。
(2)he read a novel yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他看了一篇小说。
2、根据语境确定谓语动词的时态
有时句子并未列出明确的时间状语,这就需要根据所表达的意思或者前后句的联系,来确定正确的时态。
例如:be quiet!my brother is sleeping.(sleep)
根据“be quiet”,可以确定其后的句子应为现在进行时。
3、根据主从复合句的关系来确定从句谓语动词的时态。
(1)在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时,从句可以根据需要用任何时态;当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时,从句只能用相应的某种过去时。但从句表示永恒的真理或客观存在的事实时,要用一般现在时。
例如:
The teacher said that tom had passed the exam.
He said that light travels faster than sound.
(2)当主句是祈使句或者主句的谓语动词是一般将来时时,在时间条件状语从句中,一般现在时代替一般将来时。
例如:
Let is go out if it dose not rain tomorrow.
She will see you as soon as she has time next week.
4、词语辨析
(1)have gone与have been的区别。
Have gone:表示主语已离开说话者所在的地点,并且在“去”的途中或者已经到达目的地。
Have been:表示主语去过某地又回来了。
例如:
He has gone to london.他去伦敦了(目前不在这儿)
He has been to london.他到过伦敦(目前回来了)
(2)just/just now
Just 刚才,意为only a very short time ago与现在完成时态连用。
例如:I have just had my lunch.我刚吃过午饭。
注意:在非正式美国英语中,just也常常与一般过去时连用。
She just arrived.她刚到。
Just now意为a moment ago,通常和一般过去式连用。
I saw her just now.我刚才看到她了。
(3)终止性动词和延续性动词的用法。
终止性动词和延续性动词的相应转换形式如下:
Borrow-keep buy-have come(go)-be begin-be on finish-be over open-be open jion-be in die-be away go to school-be a student/ be in school get up
be up fall asleep-be asleep
例如:the old man has been dead for three years.
His brother has been in the army since two yeara ago.
I have kept the book for a week.
八、动词的语态
1、被动语态的形式。
被动语态由“助动词+实义动词的过去分词”构成,助动词be随着人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。
含有情态动词的被动语态形式:can(may/must)+be+过去分词
(1)主语+被动动词
被:rice is grown in the south.
主:people grow rice in the south.
(2)主语+被动动词+宾语(或介词宾语)
被:I was given a book.
主:he gave me a book.
2、主动语态变为被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
(1)如果主语是疑问代词,变被动语时要加介词by.
主:who cleaned the windows?
被:who was the window cleaned by?
(2)如果主语不是动作的执行者,而是表示“所使用的物质材料”的名词,变为被动语态时,表示“物质材料”的名词前要加介词with.
主:smoke filled the room.
被:the room was filled with smoke.
(3)如果句子中含有双宾语,变为被动语态时可以将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变,但是将直接宾语变为主语时,要在间接宾语前加介词to.
主:she gave me an english book.
被:I was given an english book.(by her)或an english book was given to me(by her).
(4)在含有make/see/hear/watch/notice等感官动词或使役动词作谓语的主动语态句子中,动词不定式在这些动词后面作宾语时,常省略不定式符号to,但变为被动语态时,to不能省略(let除外)。
主:the teacher let me have a rest.
被:I was let have a rest by the teacher.
(5)如果宾语有短语或从句修饰,变为被动语态时,修饰成分应与宾语一同提前。
主:we clean the windows of our classroom once a week.
被:the windows of our classroom are cleaned once a week.
(6)如果宾语是从句,变为被动语态时,一般用it作形式主语,并放在句首。而宾语从句则变为主语从句,并放在句子的最后。
主:mary said that she would come to see you.
被:it was said that mary would come to see you.
(7)表示静态的及物动词have/cost/hold/know/fit等作谓语时,主动词不能变为被动句。
例:he has a new pen.
(8)look/become/get/turn等作系动词用时,主动句不能变为被动句。
例:he looks fine.
(9)直接宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不能变被动句。
例:he can look after himself well.
(10)宾语是表示处所的名词时,不能变被动句。
例:he left beijing by bus yesterday.
(11)宾语是动名词或动词不定式时,不能变被动句。
例:he has finished reading the book.
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