托福TPO33阅读答案
若以阅读理解效率的高低为标准的话，一般的阅读可分为“精读、速读、略读和泛读”四类。精读是读者对掌握阅读物要求最高的一种，这类阅读一般是用于工作、学习和考试复习中需要精确理解和记忆方面;以下是学习啦小编为大家精心准备的：托福TPO33阅读答案，欢迎参考阅读!
托福TPO33原文阅读：
The First Civilizations
Evidence suggests that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires.
The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain. Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. The first farmers, who may have lived as long as 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production, such as hunting, foraging, or pastoralism. The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agriculture.
The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.
The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have
discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.
The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. ¢ With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. ¢ While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. ¢ Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. ¢ Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.
托福TPO33阅读题：
1. The phrase “culminated in” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A) reached a high point with
B) logically followed from
C) partly contributed to
D) marked
2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true of early farmers?
A) They used farming to supplement other food sources.
B) They were driven out of small communities.
C) They were victims of flooding.
D) They farmed several plots of land at once.
3. The word “undoubtedly” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A) increasingly
B) certainly
C) in general
D) apparently
4. According to paragraph 2, what are TWO reasons why farmers chose river valleys for cultivation? To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.
A) The soils in river valleys were rich in nutrients.
B) The crops grown in river valleys were not completely dependent on rainwater.
C) Farming techniques could not be easily applied to soils far from rivers.
D) The heavier weight of river soil resulted in more reliable harvests.
5. The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A) serve
B) improve
C) control
D) protect
6. The word “provoked” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A) secured
B) coordinated
C) modeled
D) brought about
7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a reason why governments first arose among agricultural communities?
A) A significant increase in population
B) The desire to control water resources for irrigation
C) The need for protection from outside forces
D) The demand for organized communication with other communities
8. According to paragraph 4, what is not known about the rise of the first civilizations?
A) Where the first steps toward civilization took place
B) Who was allowed to replace “big men” after the “big men” died
C) Why some individuals became recognized as leaders
D) How governments emerged
9. What is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?
A) Paragraph 3 explains why a need for leadership arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 describes how that leadership developed.
B) Paragraph 3 suggests that agriculture was first practiced in Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4 discusses how it might have later spread to the rest of the world.
C) Paragraph 3 describes several methods of early government, and paragraph 4 gives an extended example of one of them.
D) Paragraph 3 discusses a cause of the spread of river valley agriculture in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 discusses an effect.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A) Some cities were associated with economic activities, while others were government or religious centers.
B) Emerging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic, and religious purposes.
C) The creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the emergence of a city for its proper supervision.
D) Some cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites of administrative or religious activities.
11. Paragraph 5 suggests that which of the following was a consequence of the emergence of cities?
A) The decentralization of authority
B) An increase in religious activity
C) The emergence of service- and production-related jobs
D) A decreased reliance on mineral resources
12. According to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?
A) To protect the inhabitants from invaders
B) To mark the urban areas
C) To separate the ruling class from the rest of the population
D) To represent the prosperity of a city
13. Look at the four squares [¢] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This was accompanied by increased professional specialization.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Prose Summary
The practice of settled agriculture in some areas of Asia and Africa was crucial to the development of early civilizations.
Answer Choices:
A) Prehistorians disagree as to whether early farmers first cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried cultivating crops in less successful environments.
B) Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.
C) Because crops could be cultivated more successfully where farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall, hostilities between groups arose over control of the river systems.
D) The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.
E) Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.
F) Unlike other early civilizations, those that developed in the Indus River Valley did not have any spectacular palaces or areas for exclusive use by the authorities.
托福TPO33阅读题答案：
1.A 2.A 3.B 4.AB 5.B 6.D 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.D 14.BDE
托福阅读TPO33原文 33-1-1 答案解析：
第一题，A，词汇题。Culminate .v. 使结束，使达到高潮，使达到顶点。
第二题，A，细节题。定位为原文 “Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged independently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.” 原文说当人口增多，可得到的食物资源下降的时候，就开始种植粮食来维持生计，对应 A“他们用农业来补充其 他食物来源”。
第三题，B，词汇题，undoubtedly，doubted 加上否定前缀 un，表相信，确定，对应 B 选项。
第四题：AB，细节题。定位到原文“The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location.”标红的原文分别对应 B “not completely dependent on rainwater ” 和 A “ rich in nutrients”。
第五题，B，词汇题。enhance: “to increase or improve”，增强，加强，提高。对应 B “improve”。
第六题，D，词汇题。provoke: “to cause the occurrence of”，引起。对应 D “brought ab。
第七题，D，否定事实信息题。A 选项对应原文 “The increase in food production in these，regions led to a significant growth in population;B 选项对应原文 while efforts to control the flow of water to
maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas;C 选 项 对 应 原 文 to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community。
第八题，D，否定事实信息题。A 选项对应原文“The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China (A 产 生 地 点 );B 选项对应原文“As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “ big men ” assume hereditary status (世袭，子孙相传)”;C 选 项 对 应 原 文 By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents (成为领导者原因 ), these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community;D 选项对应原文 How the first governments took shape in these areas is notertain (D 政府如何出现不得而知，所以不对)。
第九题，A，第三段说明了领导者即后来政府形成的原因，第四段讲述了领导者是如何形成的。对应 A 中 why 和 how。
第十题，A，由原句中 “While some..., other” 可知整个句子主要逻辑关系对比、比较。只有 A 符合原句的逻辑且 逻辑的承接语义没有问题。
第十一题，C，细节题。定位原文“Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods.” 新的生活形式的出现是为满足不断增长的社会服务和消费商品的需求，对应 C “service‐ and production‐related jobs”。
第十二题，C，细节题。定位原文 “ In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. ” 巨型围墙的出现显示了严格的等级特征，把城市剩余人口分隔出去。对应C “把统治阶级和剩下的人口分开”。
第十三题，D，插入句子题。This was accompanied by increased professional specialization 被插入句子包含信号词 This，this 表示有指代关系，对应上文。根据句子插入题拆分的方法，只有一套主谓结构，按 照 was 来 拆 分 ， 该 句 后 文 应 该 说 到 professional specialization 专业化分工，也就是说下句要说到的专业分工是上句中某现象的原因。符合此逻辑的只有最后一空。该空前讲到了新生活形式的出现，之后列举了像工匠、商人、武士、学者和牧师一系列专业工作职位。
第十四题，BDE，文章小结题。A.没有提到不同意，也没有提到在 cultivating crops in less successful environments;B.对应文中第二段，讲 river valley 的优势;C.没有提到不同组群的人因为争夺河流系统的控制权而产生敌意;D.对应文中第三段，讲 first government 形成的原因;E.对应文中第五段，讲中央集权导致了社会阶层和不同功能城市的形成;F.细节。
托福阅读TPO33原文 33-1-1 参考译文：最初的文明
有证据表明在早期文明崛起后的一个引起了人类社会文明一系列变化的重要刺激是农业的稳定发展，而这一变化使得大型古代帝国的崛起达到高峰。
农作物首次被成功种植的确切时间和地点还无法确定。许多史前学家确信当一些受持续增长的人口和一定数量的食物来源衰退所困扰的小群体开始为了能保证他们的生存而在土地中种植种子时，耕种已经在世界上一些不同地区独立出现了。第一批大约是生活在 10，000 万年
的农民，虽然还是主要依靠一些其它例如打猎、觅食或田园主义等形式的食物供给，但毫无疑问，他们已开始使用一些简单的技术。真正的突破是当农民开始沿着河流体系泛滥的平原耕种农作物开始的。这样做的优势是在这样的地区种植的农作物不需要依靠降雨，因此丰收也就更加有保证。另外，由河水沉积而来的沉淀物给土壤带来营养，从而使得农民能够很多年种植同一块土地而不需要搬到新的地点。因此，第一批定栖的(没有迁移的)社会就产生了。随着时间的推移，在铁犁的引进最终使得农业不再像以前一样容易受到坚硬土地的耕种的影响的同时，这些群体也逐渐学会了如何通过控制水流量来提高土地的产量。
在亚洲和非洲不同地方的河谷农业的传播速度是第一个文明崛起的重要因素。对于控制耕种面积灌溉的水量达到最大化和保护当地居民免受群体之外的敌对势力的侵害的努力促使大规模合作活动的第一步，与此同时这些地区食物生产的增长导致人口的极大增加。监督整个过程的需求导致了最终转变成了政府的精英们的出现。
第一个文明崛起的明确的第一步于公元前三、四世纪发生在美索不达米亚、非洲北部、印第安和中国。关于这此地区的第一个政府是如何成型的还不是很确定，但是人类学家通过研究世界上不同地方的人类群体的演变发现在这个过程中有一个共同的阶段就是在单独一个或一些村庄中被叫做“大人物”的出现。这些人用他们军事威力、人格控制或者政治天赋逐渐成为群体的领导者。随着时间的推移，“大人物”逐渐成为权威的正式象征而且把这种权威传递给他们自己家族的其他人。随着群体的变大和物质财富的增加，“当这些群落的面积和物质财富不断发展壮大时，这些大人物就开始采取世袭制，他们的同盟和家族成员便转变成了世袭君主王室。
定栖社会的出现对社会组织、宗教信仰以及人们在边界的生活方式都有着很重要的影响。随着人口的增长和中央集权的发展，城市出现了。当一些城市中心的特殊经济功能，例如黄金接近度、铁矿床以及在贸易路线中的战略位置被确认时，其它城市则主要为行政中心、官方用以祭祀或举办其它仪式用的寺庙地点服务。在这些城市中，新的生活形式的出现满足了社会服务增长和商品消费的需求。一些人成为了艺术家或商人，而另一些则成了战士、学者或者牧师。在这种情况下，在第一城市中的这种物质分割显示出了整体社会严格的等级特征，比如，一个被雄伟的围墙所环绕的皇宫同时也把它从城市人口中分离出来。其它情况下，缺少了皇家选区和惹人注目的宫殿的城市彰显了当代同类城市的特点，就像印度河谷。