tpo26-2阅读纯答案解析
tpo26-2阅读
B.preventing plants from becoming overheated.
C.transporting nutrients.
D.serving as a raw material for photosynthesis.
2.Paragraph 3 suggests that during a dry year ephemerals
A.produce even more seeds than in a wet year.
B.do not sprout from their seeds.
C.bloom much later than in a wet year.
D.are more plentiful than perennials.
3.How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 3?
A.Paragraph 2 provides a general description of desert plants, and paragraph 3 provides ascientific explanation for these observations.
B.Paragraph 2 divides desert plants into two categories, and paragraph 3 provides furtherinformation about one of these categories.
C.Paragraph 2 proposes one way of dividing desert plants into categories, and paragraph 3explains one problem with this method of classification.
D.Paragraph 2 discusses two categories of desert plants, and paragraph 3 introduces a thirdcategory of plants.
4.In saying that ephemerals will develop “vigorously" when there isfavorableprecipitation, the author means that their development will be
A.sudden.
B.early.
C.gradual.
D.strong and healthy.
5.The word “countering”in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.eliminating.
B.making use of.
C.acting against.
D.experiencing.
6.According to paragraph 4, some desert plants with root systems that areextraordinarily well developed have
A.relatively little growth aboveground.
B.very leafy aboveground structures.
C.non woody plant tissue resistant to wilting.
D.water stored within their roots.
7.The word “assured”(paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.pure.
B.diminished.
C.guaranteed.
D.deep.
8.What do “the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite"(paragraph 4) have in common?
A.They are always found together.
B.They depend on surface water provided by streams, springs, and lakes.
C.They are phreatophytes.
D.Their roots are capable of breaking through hard soils
9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthehighlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5)? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known asaestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.
B.Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing theirmetabolic rate and body temperature.
C.The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimesinvolves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.
D.When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known asaestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.
10.It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that all of the places desertanimals retreat to
A.provide shade from the sun.
B.sometimes become crowded.
C.are places where supplies of food are plentiful.
D.leave the animals vulnerable to predators.
11.According to paragraph 7, what special adaptation helps the ostrich copewith hotdesert conditions?
A.Each of its feathers is very short and dense.
B.Its wings produce only lateral air movement when flapping.
C.Its feathers are very thickly set on both its back and its wings.
D.It can make its feathers stand up on its back.
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? The increase in reward stilldid not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted criminals and slaves werepressed into services
The harsh conditions in deserts are in tolerable for most plants and animals. Despite theseconditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a numberof ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plantsare transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; andwater regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because watervapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. ■【A】Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. ■【B】The distribution of plantswithin different areas of desert is also controlled by water. ■【C】Some areas, because of theirsoil texture,to pographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually nowater available to plants, whereas others do.■【D】
13.Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the two phrases that correctlycharacterize special adaptations found primarily in desert annuals and the threephrases that correctly characterize special adaptations found primarily in desertperennials. Select each phrase you select in the appropriate column of the table. Thisquestion is worth 3 points.
A.Woody structures.
B.Explosive growth in wet years.
C.Long, thin, shallow roots.
D.Storage of water in plant tissue.
E.Minimization of the amount of water used for photosynthesis.
F.Short life cycle.
G.Leaves designed to minimize water loss.
1 )
Adaptations of Annuals
A B C D E F G
2 )
Adaptations of Perennials
A B C D E F G
tpo26-2阅读纯答案解析
1.A选项的sunlight原文没有提到，所以错误，选;B项不容易找，可以找完C和D之后依靠并列在第三句的冒号之后找到，原文讲的是降低温度，也就是防止overheated，所以B正确，不选;C和D都在第三句的冒号之后，都正确，不选。
2.以dry year和ephemeral做关键词定位至首句，但只看这句话没有答案，于是看最后一句，讲植物种子直到下个wet year之前都dormant，也就是dry year的时候它们休眠，所以正确答案是B。注意C有迷惑性，虽然原文提到了wet year，但没有讲干湿年份进行比较，所以C错;A犯了跟C相同的错误;D错在原文没有把ephemeral跟perennial进行比较。
3.问两段关系，看开头。第二段开头说植物需要适应沙漠的干旱环境，第二句说有两类;第三段开头讲其中一类，因此应该是第二段总述，第三段分述，所以正确答案是B。A错在第三段没有scientific explanation;C错在第三段不是讲分类的问题;D错在第三段讲的是第二段两个分类中的一个，而不是第三类。
4.vigorously活泼地，精力旺盛地，所以正确答案是strong。代入，原文说在降水多的时候，植物怎么生长，这个凭常识也知道降水多的时候植物长的好吧，不认识precipitation的同学可以看后面的并列，叫做产生大量的花和果实，还是可以推出长得好。
5.countering反，抵御，抵抗，所以正确答案是C。counter本身就表示反对，想想encounter，counteract，counterbalance，还有著名游戏CS。不知道的同学代入，另外一种怎么样干旱的方法是植物地上部分小地下部分大，地下部分大吸收水分多，是应对干旱的方法。A消除干旱和B利用干旱明显不通;D经历干旱也不要什么特殊的方法，不对。
6.以root systems that are extraordinarily well developed做关键词定位至第五句，也就是上个词汇题的那句，说另外一种抗击干旱的方法是植物地上部分小地下部分大，所以正确答案是A。B刚好说反;C的nonwoody和D的water都不在定位句中。
7.assured确定的，经过证实的，所以正确答案是guaranteed。词根是sure，所以肯定与确定有关，pure跟deep就完全不对;不认识diminished的同学至少看到词中间有个mini，跟小或者少有关，所以也不对。
8.以date palm, tamarisk and mesqute做关键词定位至倒数第二句，这句尽管没法做答案，但these告诉我们和前句有关，往前看又发现一个these，于是继续往前，终于读到倒数第四句说另一种沙漠植物是ph，所以正确答案是C，其他都没说。
9.提取主干，去掉during which从句得到escape的方法包括aestivation。很容易排除B和D，因为B说不用aestivation，D说suffer;C最明显的错误是减少metabolic rate or body temperature，而原文讲的是metabolic rate and body temperature，所以正确答案是A，而且C只讲了escape包含叫aestivation的方式。C选项错误的另一个原因是没有将involve这层包含关系讲出来。
10.以desert animals retreat做关键词定位至首句，说包含两种方法，一是escape，二是retreat，但接下来的整段都在讲escape，没有retreat的事儿，不知道是不是我的理解有问题，这道题真正的答案应该在下一段，下一段第二句开始讲retreat，尾句讲鸟retreat为了躲避炎热，哺乳动物躲到洞里，也就是说retreat是为了避暑，正确答案是A。如果没有看到下一段的同学，这段最后一句讲escape发生在炎热或者干燥的时期，同样可以推出躲避阳光，这是个infer题。
11.以ostrich做关键词定位至第二句和第三句，第三句说当炎热的时候，ostrich会竖起它们背上的羽毛，所以正确答案是D。B没提到feather，错;A说feather短，错;C的both blabla原文没说，错。
12.据flyjoy童鞋所说，待插入句是“For this reason, the total amount of plant material in a desert isoften 100 times less than the amount of plant material in an equivalent area of temperateforest.”如果是这句，那么以不同的area做过渡点，可能的正确答案是B/C/D，但由于for this reason，说明待插入句与前句之间是因果关系，能够构成因果关系的只有D选项。感谢flyjoy童鞋提供正确版本。
13.Annual跟Perennial主要在第二至第四段讲到。Woody选项在第二段第二句刚讲到分类的时候，属于perennial。Explosive选项在第二段最后以及整个第三段都有讲到，尽管不是原词，但说到一旦降水多就立刻生长的很好，也就是explosive了，所以属于annual。Long选项错，因为原文说extensive rootnetwork是应付干旱的方法，没讲到shallow root。Storage选项同样在第二段第二句刚讲到分类的时候就说了，属于perennial。Minimization选项原文完全没讲到，不是任何一个category的选项。Short选项同样在第二段第二句刚讲到分类的时候就说了，属于annual。Leaves选项在第四段第二句，属于perennial。
tpo26-2阅读译文
【1】沙漠中的严酷环境对于大部分动植物来说都是难以忍受的。然而，尽管如此，还是有多样的动植物通过各种方式最终适应了沙漠环境。如果水含量过低，大部分植物组织会死亡;植物所汲取的养分是通过水分来传输的;水分也是光合作用这个关键过程中的成分;同时，水分通过吸收热量来调节植物体的温度，因为水蒸气通过叶片蒸腾到空气中的过程可以帮助植物降低温度。水分控制着植物物质的产出量。沙漠中不同地区的植物的分布也受水分的控制。在有些地区，因为土质、地形位置或者与河流或地下水的距离等因素，几乎没有水分提供给植物，而其他一些地方则相反。
【2】沙漠中植物的特征很大程度上取决于它们对这种普遍干旱条件的适应程度。沙漠地区的植物大致可以分为两类：寿命较长的多年生植物，这类植物一般都是多肉植物(可以储水)，经常是比较矮小的木本植物;以及一年生或寿命更短的植物，这类植物生命周期短，可能在降雨后快速而密集地形成。
【3】那些寿命短的植物“|躲避”干旱。在一个降雨比较充足的年份中，这类植物会迅速生长，并且会大量地开花结果。如此一来，这类植物的种子会遍布沙漠。这些种子会静静地休眠直到下一个雨量较充沛的年份，再次在沙漠中绽放。
【4】多年生植物会采用各种躲避机制以适应干旱。大部分的沙漠植物可能最好都被归类为旱生植物。这类植物进化出了抗旱适应机制：覆盖在蜡质叶子层表面的浓密的绒毛,在温度最高的时候闭合气孔,在干旱季初期卷起或脱落叶片都可以减少经过叶片的水分的流失。有些旱生植物在植物组织中贮存水分，如多肉植物(包括仙人掌)。另一种抵抗干旱的方法是抑制植物地上部分的生长，转而发展广泛的地下根系网络。有些多年生沙漠植物的根系可以向下延伸10米多深，这种情况(在沙漠中)并不少见。有些植物是木本植物，这种适应机制可以防止因水压(下降)产生萎蔫而引起的植物细胞解体。另一类沙漠植物类别则是地下水湿生植物。这类植物通过繁衍长的主根来适应环境，这些主根可以向下穿透直达地下水提供的充足水源。这类植物包括枣椰树、柽柳以及牧豆树属的一些灌木。这类植物通常情况下沿溪流，河道或者是湖泊边缘分布。
【5】动物也必须要适应沙漠环境，它们通过两种行为模式来适应沙漠：逃离或撤退。逃离包括一些类似于夏眠这样的行为，这一行为可以使得动物们在酷暑难耐或炎热季节依靠长期的休眠或蛰伏来降低它们的新陈代谢速率和体温。
【6】季节性迁徙是逃离行为的另一种表现方式，特别是对于大型哺乳类动物和鸟类而言。撤退一词是用于形容短期的沙漠动物逃离行为的，而且这通常被认为是一种日常性的节律模式。鸟类在巢穴、岩石悬垂处、树丛以及茂密的灌木丛中寻找庇护以躲避一天当中最热的那几个钟头，而像更格卢鼠这样的哺乳动物则选择藏身于地下的洞穴中。
【7】有些动物还具有行为学、生理学以及形态学(结构)上的适应机制，以确保它们可以抵抗极端环境。例如，鸵鸟的羽毛具有这样的结构特征：毛很长但不太浓密。当气温变热时，鸵鸟便会竖起背上的羽毛，因此增加太阳辅射与娇嫩皮肤之间的屏障的厚度。然而，这些稀疏排列的羽毛同时也确保了皮肤表面横向空气流动的进行，因此通过对流达到散热的效果。此外，鸵鸟会根据太阳的位置谨慎调整自己的方向，轻轻拍打翅膀以增加对流的降温效果。