tpo30阅读第3篇答案(2)
D.The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their younghow to deal with the threats of predators.
11.The word "potentially" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to
A.undoubtedly.
B.possibly.
C.unfortunately.
D.quickly.
12.According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animalsunderstand that they are just playing?
A.By playing only with animals who are not predator.
B.By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.
C.By practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.
D.By using a set of signals that occurs only in play.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? With messages such asthose, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.
There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play byothers, potentially leading to aggression. ■【A】This is especially true when play consists ofpracticing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■【B】Thus,many species have evolvedclear signals to delineate playfulness. ■【C】Dogs, forexample, will wag their tails, get downtheir front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■【D】
14. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervoussystems, mainly birds and mammals.
A.Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchersdo not degree on the reasons for and functions of play
B.Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victimsof their natural predators while playing.
C.Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant andsubmissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.
D.The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animalspecies uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.
E.Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior,but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to thespecies.
F.As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of theirdevelopment obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.
tpo30阅读第3篇答案
1.原文中，同样的behavior会同时发生在play和其他一些非play的情况中，所以B正确。A与原文第一句矛盾。C选项没有提到。D选项与原文第一段最后一句矛盾。
2.看第二段的最后两句。倒数第二句说动物玩耍的原因仍然在被debating，后面说确定玩耍的作用(function)非常难，那也就对应了原题的challenge。Because后面出现了原因，说这些function是长期的，其beneficial要到动物成年才出现。所以跟A选项吻痕。B、C选项原文没提到。D选项也和问题无关。
3.Considerable：重要的，值得考虑的。选项A是最初的，B是实用的，C是最终的，D是重大的，有意义的。所以D符合，另外后文提到了各种cost和loss。所以可以理解considerable cost可以理解为一定量的损失或者风险。
4.从Therefore开始后面的都是potential cost。三种cost已经用红色字体标出。B选项看似提到了，但是原文是说失去了fat store的机会，而不是因为play而build up了。所以B错。
5.这里提到的试验的结果。前面从in one research of study开始描述这个试验，提到了两个对比组，underdifferent conditions。后面是在说结果，括号里面的内容是对结论的解释说明。A,C,D三个选项一点儿都不沾边。只要高中学过一点数理化就知道这个是控制变量的试验，所以答案选B。
6.原文中从other studies 开始有描述了另外的观点。说greater stimulation不仅会影响大脑的大小，也会增加神经细胞间的连接的数量，而这个stimulation是由active play提供的。根据上文，环境越复杂，activeplay就越多，因此stimulation就越多，导致动物的大脑更大，也就更重。所以A选项符合这个观点。BCD都没提到。
7.这道题的关键词在于needed for survival。因为prey species和predator species对于survival的要求不同，所以导致他们play behavior也不同。所以选C。 A，B，D原文都没提到。
8.comparative是相对的，相当的。A是相对的;B是暂时的;C是充足的;D是完成的。所以选择A。这里C可能会是迷惑选项，因为其意思带入原文也通顺，但是失去了原词的"比较"的那层意思。
9.这道题中的原句主干是learning social behavior is important，特别是对于群居的动物。然后用了monkey做例证。A选项只提到了monkeys要控制自己才能融入群体，但没提到主干部分。 B选项说自私和攻击性强的动物药学social behavior，这就把其他动物排除在外了，改变了原句的意思。C正确，不仅提到了monkey也说到了其他的social animals(which means species that live in groups)为了融入群体要学social behavior。 D是错误选项，原文并没说猴子太自私以至于不能理解give and take…与原文矛盾，不选。
10.根据young & adult定位到第六段第一句。说成年动物要让年轻的动物在相对安全的环境下玩儿。 因此可以得到答案C正确。A原文没有说让young去学怎么dominant，B原文虽然提到social group 但没提到是从adults身上学习。D原文完全没有相关描写。
11.potentially潜在地。A市毫无疑问地; B是可能地;C是不幸地;D是快速地。前半句中有May be，表达了一中可能性，后半句没有转折，应该是接上上半句往下说的。所以意思应该想近。
12.这一段前半部分一直在描述说有动物之间会误以为是真的aggression，中间出现了thus证明后面会说解决的方法。这里说解决方法是用clear signals 去表达playfulness。所以答案是D。
13.要插入的句子开头为With message such as those，那么说明前面肯定会描述一些messages，后面又说even dogs，那证明前面应该也提到了狗的行为。所以这里应该插在最后一个空里。
14.选项A对应在原文第一段，提到play的行为包括了running，climbing，fighting等等aggression的行为，但是很难确定其function所以A正确。E对应原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss ofenergy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到说play是long-term beneficial的，第四段开头说好处一定会outweigh其costs。B这个原文没有提到，虽然第三段提到了potential cost，后面也说adults通常会让young在相对安全的情况下play，但并没有说太多太多的小动物变成了victims。不选。C这个原文虽然说他们要学social behavior，但没提到说这类动物要学着去dominant，不选。D选项对应原文第一段，但选项中的原因和原文不符，不选。E对应原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到说play是long-term beneficial的，第四段开头说好处一定会outweigh其costs。F选项对应原文第四，五段。第四段说play会影响大脑发育，神经细胞间连接的数量。第五段说到了有益于muscletissue的发育。后文第六段也提到了social Benefits。