2016托福写作评分标准
提起托福写作,不少考生都觉得头疼。有些考生的英语水平达不到考试要求,有些考生无法将中式思维转化为英式思维,有些考生的表述不够清晰且不合逻辑,这些都是考生在备考托福写作时遇到的瓶颈和难题。为帮助考生解决这些难题，以下是学习啦小编为大家精心准备的：2016年托福写作评分标准。欢迎阅读与参考!
2016托福写作评分标准如下：
新托福写作考试总共分为独立写作和综合写作两部分，它们有着不同的考察点，所以后面的托福考生了解每部分所测试的能力是非常重要的。
托福独立写作旨在考察考生是否有效回应题目，阐明文章主题，文章逻辑是否条理清楚及能否充分展开论证;内容是否连贯一致以及考生遣词造句的能力。
托福综合写作的考察在于总结归纳和改写两个方面，总结归纳的能力是说考察方希望考生能够在规定的时间内掌握一定长度和一定难度的阅读和听力材料中所涉及到的重点信息和论证结构;改写能力则要求考生将两部分材料中的重点信息和论证方式用新的语言和结构系统的进行展示和归纳。
托福独立写作评分标准(Independent Wring Rubrics)
1.托福独立写作得5分情况
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
●Effectively addresses the topic and task
●Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence
●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors
2.托福独立写作得4分情况
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
●Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated
●Is generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifi-cations, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections
●Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiom-atic language that do not interfere with meaning
3.托福独立写作得3分情况
An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured
●May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning
●May display accurate, but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary
4.托福独立写作得2分情况
An essay at this level may reveal one or more of the following weaknesses:
● Limited development in response to the topic and task
●Inadequate organization or connection of ideas
●Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support or illustrate generaliza-tions in response to the task
●A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms
●An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage
5.托福独立写作得1分情况
An essay at this level is seriously flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:
●Serious disorganization or underdevelopment
●Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the task
●Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage
6.托福独立写作得0分情况
An essay at this level merely copies words from the topic, rejects the topic, or is otherwise not con-nected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.
托福综合写作评分标准(Integrated Wring Rubrics)
1.托福综合写作得5分情况
A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.
2.托福综合写作得4分情况
A response at this level is generally good in selecting the important information from the lecture and in coherently and accurately presenting this information in relation to the relevant information in the reading, but it may have minor omission, inaccuracy, vagueness, or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to points made in the reading. A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors, as long as such usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.
3.托福综合写作得3分情况
A response at this level contains some important information from the lecture and conveys some relevant connection to the reading, but it is marked by one or more of the following: ◾
●Although the overall response is definitely oriented to the task, it conveys only vague, global, unclear, or somewhat imprecise connection of the points made in the lecture to points made in the reading.
●The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.
●Some key points made in the lecture or the reading, or connections between the two, may be incom-plete, inaccurate, or imprecise.
●Errors of usage and/or grammar may be more frequent or may result in noticeably vague expressions or obscured meanings in conveying ideas and connections.
4.托福综合写作得2分情况
A response at this level contains some relevant information from the lecture, but is marked by sig-nificant language difficulties or by significant omission or inaccuracy of important ideas from the lecture or in the connections between the lecture and the reading; a response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●The response significantly misrepresents or completely omits the overall connection between the lec-ture and the reading.
●The response significantly omits or significantly misrepresents important points made in the lecture.
●The response contains language errors or expressions that largely obscure connections or meaning at key junctures or that would likely obscure understanding of key ideas for a reader not already familiar with the reading and the lecture.
5.托福综合写作得1分情况
A response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●The response provides little or no meaningful or relevant coherent content from the lecture.
●The language level of the response is so low that it is difficult to derive meaning.
6.托福综合写作得0分情况
A response at this level merely copies sentences from the reading, rejects the topic or is otherwise notconnected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
1. Effectively addresses the topic and task
2. Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
3. Displays unity, progression, and coherence
4. Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
2016托福写作标准解读：
要点1: addresses the topic
在托福写作中，考生所表达的观点要和题目要求相关、一致。另外，考生所提供的例证也要切题，只有这样的例子才有说服力。
要点2: well organized & well developed
托福满分作文的行文组织要系统，有逻辑性。 考生在提出论点之后，必须寻找相关的例证来支持和充实自己的论点。 需要强调的是，在托福考试中考生虽然可以发散地进行说理和寻找例证，但若是将自己所举的例证进行一定加工,按照由主到次、让步转折等顺序进行排列，则能更好显示出各个例证之间的逻辑关系，让举例或是说理论证的过程更有层次性。这样的文章才称得上well-organized and well-developed.
要点3: explanations,exemplifications and details
在托福写作中，考生提出观点之后必须要发散式地进行举例或是说理论证。具体包括解释原因，举例说明以及提供其它的细节信息。
要点4: unity,progression, and coherence
托福满分作文通篇要做到：
1. 论点集中(unity)--所有的论据都指向论点;
2. 逻辑通畅(progression and coherence)--不同段落之间要连接紧密、衔接过渡自然并层层推进。
想要做到以上几点，考生需要合理地谋篇布局、进行最优化的段落分配并恰当地使用逻辑连接词。
要点5: variety
用词用句的多样性和变化性能有效地体现语言的丰富性以及使用技巧。
要点6: appropriate word choice and idiomaticity
托福写作要求考生根据语境选择“恰当的用词”。在托福写作中，考生不需要哗众取宠的用“大词、难词”来显示词汇量。 真正的高手是用简单但精确的词语来阐述深刻的道理。
要点7: minor errors
托福作文允许有错误存在。most一词表明一篇满分文章需要避免绝大部分的语法、用词错误。 同时这也表明个别的语法错误、用词不当以及诸如拼写，标点符号和大小写等错误不影响一篇文章得满分。 对于托福写作来说，更重要的是文章的要点明确、逻辑通畅，语言的整体高水平。
2016托福写作中常用句型：
第一， 定语从句。
这应该算是写作中最常用的一种句型之一。适当地运用定语从句可以给你的文章增色不少。
例如，下面的这两个句子用上定语从句马上就变成了一个漂亮的复杂句。
Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex.
→ Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.
第二， 状语从句。
在写作当中运用的最多的是以下五种状语从句，即原因状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句和目的状语从句。
1. 原因状语从句：常由because, as, since和for引导
Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.
尽管如此，我还是赞成太空探险，因为它的好处远远大于坏处。
2. 让步状语从句：常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引导
Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。
3. 条件状语从句：常由if, on the condition that和providing that引导
Eg: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared.
假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志，你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。
4. 时间状语从句：常由when和while引导
Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。
5. 目的状语从句: 常由so that和in order that引导
Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.
成千上万的人们不得不花费的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。
第三， 宾语从句。
Eg: Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the environmental pollution.
一些人认为政府应对环境污染负主要责任。
Eg: Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.
许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。
第四， 同位语从句。
Eg: It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serious.
环境污染变得越来越严重是不可否认的事实。
Eg: No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.
没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。
第五，主语从句。
Eg: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.
值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化。
Eg: It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole.
众所周知，环境污染问题是中国乃至世界面临的最为严重的问题之一。
第六，强调句: It is + 被强调的内容 + that
Eg: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.
汽车和工厂排放大量的废气，使得环境被污染。
第七，倒装句。
Eg: Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled.
只有政府采取适当的措施，这个棘手的问题才能被解决。
第八，被动语态。
Eg: Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.
人们应竭尽全力来保护我们赖以生存的环境。
第九， 分词结构：包括现在分词和过去分词。
Eg: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.
旅游业是一个新兴的行业，它成为经济的主要, 在很多东南亚国家起着尤为重要的作用。
Eg: To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spitting deliberately.
具体来说，政府应该出台相关法律法规对制造大量污染物的工厂及故意乱扔垃圾随地吐痰的人进行严惩。
第十，插入语。
一种独立成分,与句子的其它成分一般没有语法上的关系,大都是对一句话作一些附加说明或解释。它通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,位置较为灵活,可置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。
Eg: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.
电脑，我们生活中必不可少的一部分，给我们带来了极大的方便。
Eg: College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.
大学生，没有社会经验，容易上当受骗。