2017年中考英语复习阅读理解-解题技巧附全解析

　　一、关于中考英语阅读理解相关内容的认识

　　(1)读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。

　　(2)既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。

　　(3)既理解字面的意思，也理解深层次的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。 (4)既理解某句，某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。

　　(5)既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。

　　4、阅读能力考查在中考试卷中的体现：

　　(1)以阅读理解题为主;

　　(2)四篇材料的题材、体裁

　　二、中考阅读理解题型概述：从问题设置上可以将中考阅读理解题总结为四种类型

　　三、中考英语阅读理解题题型分析及实例讲练

　　1、直接型(查找事实、细节<单个或多个>)：这类题目主要包括事实识别、有关计算、识图、排列顺序等。一般地，这类题目可以直接从短文中找到可用的信息。这些问题一般都涉及到文章的“5W”，即 who(人物)，when(时间)，where(地点)， what(事件)，why(原因)，how(方式)等。题目设计大多直截了当。只要通读全文，注意文中所述的重要事实或细节，就可以做出正确解答。以图表材料命制的题目更是如此。在表现形式上常采用下列句式：

　　According to the passage, who/when/where/what /why/how…?

　　Which of the following statements is (NOT) TRUE?

　　According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT____..…because____.

　　例1：……In the past, there were forests all around Lake Ponkapog, so the rainwater was clean. ……

　　问题：In the past Lake Ponkapog was surrounded by ________.

　　A. fish B. rain C. birds D. forests

　　【分析】题目所要问的是“Lake Ponkapog四周过去被什么东西所环绕?” 而阅读材料中已用There be句型表达出了这层意思，句式不同，却有异曲同工之妙。选D

　　例2：……He/She should have an interest in making pizza. More importantly, he/she should have work experience in a restaurant. ……

　　◆The ad (广告) tells us that ____________________.

　　A. the assistant must be a man. B. the assistant must have once worked in a restaurant.

　　C. Pucci Pizza has branches all overChina. D. Pucci Pizza is not in Taichung.

　　【分析】本小题选项B的意思是“要招聘的这个人必须曾在饭馆工作过”。即要具有一定的从事餐饮业的经验。这与原文中叙述的事实“More importantly, he/she should have work experience in a restaurant.”相比较，形式上虽不大一样，但其内涵却完全相同。如果考生准确地理解了短文中的这句话，问题即可迎刃而解。

　　2、理解型(理解词句或句子含义)：结合具体的语境，正确理解单词、词组或句子在阅读材料中的确切含义，是阅读理解能力的一个重要方面。有些词句，虽然未曾学过，但可通过上下文语境推测其含义，有些词虽然不是生词，但在具体的语言环境中已被赋予了特定的、新的含义。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。在表现形式上常采用下列句式：

　　The underlined word/sentence “…” means______.

　　What does the underlined word /sentence “…” mean?

　　例如：…… Now there are many houses around the lake. People often use chemicals in their gardens. They use other chemicals inside their houses for cleaning or killing insects (昆虫). There are also many businessmen. Businessmen use chemicals in their machines or shops. ……

　　◆“Chemicals” in the story means ______. A.化学家B.污染品C.药品D.化学制品

　　【分析】单从“People often use chemicals in their gardens.”这句话是不大容易猜测出该词的意思的。然而这个词在这个段落中接连出现了三次。第一次是说人们常在花园里使用它，第二次人们在清理房间或杀死昆虫时在屋子里使用它，第三次是说商人们还将其用于机器或在车间中使用。由此，A项和B项明显是错误的。C项具有较大的迷惑性，不过根据“Businessmen use chemicals in their machines or shops.”可知它是不恰当的。

　　拓展：猜测词义几种常用方法：

　　(下面的猜测方法比较适合成绩较好的初中生和高中生研读)

　　1)构词知识法：Tom disagreed with the captain about this. 前缀dis-表示否定，据此disagree 意为“不同意”。

　　2)定义法：

　　例1：A century is a hundred years. a hundred years 解释了century的意思是“百年”或“世纪”。

　　例2：A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”….

　　Now when someone lets out (泄漏) a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”

　　◆John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ______.

　　A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat

　　C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag

　　在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret”根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为A。

　　3)同位法：

　　例1：Bananas, oranges, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas. coconuts 是生词，我们可以从这个词在句中所处的位置来判断它的大致意思。不难看出coconuts和bananas及oranges 是同位关系，同属fruit 一类，因此它是一种水果。

　　例2：There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island inNew Zealand.

　　◆What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese? A. 自来水 B. 大气 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽

　　从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。

　　4)因果关系法:The little girl was the only grandchild in the family. She was the apple of her grandparent’s eye. 可以得知这个女孩是家中唯一的孙女，因而是祖父母的“掌上明珠”。

　　5)同义或反义法:He had been getting better, but during the night his condition deteriorated. 句中but提示我们deteriorated 多半是get better的反义，因此可以大致确定它的意思是“恶化”。

　　6)上下文信息法:

　　例1：Make hay while the sun shines. The market is good now, don’t miss the chance.

　　◆In the passage, “Make hay while the sun shines” means in Chinese.

　　Make hay while the sun shines的字面意思是“趁天气好赶快晒草”，通过下文所给的信息，现在的销路好，不要错过机会，可以得知它比喻的是“抓住时机”。

　　例2：As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.

　　◆In the text, “put an end to” means “______”. A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly

　　根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是A。

　　例3：The following morning when I went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, I discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised! What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird. Arthur Wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”

　　◆An ornithologist is probably a person who ______.

　　A. studies birds B. loves creatures C. majors in habits D. takes care of trees

　　Ornithologist 这个词从来没有见到过，但是通过他的语言我们可以判断出这是一个对鸟很有研究的人。我很爱鸟，把鸟装在笼子里，并细心照料，而且鸟的母亲也飞过来喂这只鸟，但这只鸟却死了，我很不理解。到我家来的这个人给我详细解释了鸟死的原因，说明这个人非常懂鸟。据此，我们可以断定答案应是A。

　　3、推理型(逻辑推理、数据计算)：这类题目的答案在原文中是不能直接找到的，必须抓住文中相关信息，顺藤摸瓜，进行有理有据的分析、归纳和推理，才能找出答案。有时需要透彻理解作者的双关语和弦外之音等。在表现形式上常采用下列句式：

　　We can infer/learn/conclude from the passage that ______.

　　The story suggests that ______.

　　What is the reason of……?

　　What is the real meaning of ……’s words?

　　According to the passage, we know that______.

　　From the story we can see/learn/say______.

　　The writer tells us______.

　　It can be seen from the passage that______.

　　(a) 根据常识推断

　　很多短文所设计的题目往往与其它方面的常识相关联，有时需结合或根据已有的常识做出判断。比如解答科学小品文的题目可能要用到物理或化学方面的知识，解答跟自然科学有关的题目可能要用到地理、生物方面的知识等。靠这些知识的帮助，往往能快速做出解答，至少可以更加准确地理解短文。例如：

　　……One day we invited some friends to dinner. When it was about half past eleven, my wife found that we had little bread. So she asked our five-year-old daughter, Kathy, to buy some. ……

　　◆One day, Kathy’s parents invited some friends to have___.

　　A. breakfast B. lunch C. supper D. a party

　　【分析】由文中“One day we invited some friends to dinner.”一句可知，主人要宴请客人吃饭，所以D项(聚会)不合文意，先予以排除。但是在早(breakfast)，午(lunch)，晚(supper)三餐中，却未明确指出到底请客人吃哪一顿饭。英语中对“dinner”一词的解释是：main meal of the day, whether eaten at midday or in the evening. 这样可以将A项排除。至于是B还是C，仍然不能确定。再看下文中的“When it was about half past eleven…”，显然，快十一点半点了，主人尚未准备就绪。根据生活常识，这里的无疑是上午11:30，再结合“一日三餐”这一常识，他们请客人吃的只能是午饭，所以可以推断出正确答案是B。

　　(b) 根据计算判断

　　有些题目需根据短文的意思进行数字运算。中考的“阅读理解”中的数据推算并不要求高深的数学知识。在有关数据推算的试题中，根据短文所提供的数据进行必要的运算时，所涉及的数学知识一般都比较简单，关键在于准确理解原文的含义。例如：

　　……In five years the percentage (比例) of Beijing residents who can speak English will be raised to around 30 percent from 15 percent now. ……

　　◆If the population of Beijing grows to fifteen million by 2016, how many people will probably be able to speak English? About ____.

　　A. 15,000,000 B. 4,500,000 C. 3,000,000 D. 1,500,000

　　【分析】原文中提到：五年之后，会说英语的北京居民的比例将会由现在的15%提升到30%。试卷所提的问题是：如果到2008年北京的人口达到15,000,000，会说英语的人将会有多少?尽管短文中没有提到这个数据，但根据题意不难推算15,000,000×30%=4,500,000所以答案为B。

　　(c) 根据逻辑关系推断

　　根据短文中的基本事实、故事情节发展的逻辑关系(如时间、因果、条件、比较、转折、让步等，)进行深层的理解，并在此基础上进行题目的理解。在逻辑判断题中，这部分题目是比较难做的。

　　例1：……We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work. They are especially usefully in automatic control, data processing (数据处理) and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day.

　　More and clever computers will continue to appear. They will run faster, have more functions and work much more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us, helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.

　　However……

　　◆Which of the following will best continue the third paragraph?

　　A. Computers will soon stop developing. B. Many people like computers very much.

　　C. Computers are as cleverer as man. D. I do not think computers will replace us completely.

　　【分析】显然，本文采用了对比的方式来表达自己对电脑的看法。前面描写了计算机的优点，但作者用however一词预示自己将引出相反的观点，故答案为D。

　　例2：……Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People don’t want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news…….

　　◆According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV?

　　A. You often play football with your friends after school. B. Your teacher has got a cold.

　　C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasn’t been caught. D. The bike in front of your house is lost.

　　根据这段文字，我们可以推断：电视报道的新闻故事必须是有趣的和不平常的。因此，正确答案应为C。

　　4、概括型(归纳主旨大意)：要求考生在阅读和理解全文大意的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、专业知识进行逻辑思维推理判断，有的时候还要求对作者写作的意图、观点进行剖析，甚至推测作者的语气、态度等。在表现形式上常采用下列句式：

　　This passage is about__________.

　　The main idea of this passage is ___________.

　　The best title (标题) of the passage can be ____________.

　　The passage is probably taken from a__________.

　　例如：Have you ever heard your own voice?“Of course,”you say.

　　Has anyone else ever heard your voice? Again you say,“Of course.”

　　But that’s not quite true. Nobody else has ever heard your voice—the way you hear it. When you talk, you set up sound waves (声波). The air outside your head carries the sound waves to your outer ears. But, of course, the sound of your voice begins inside your head. The bones (骨头) of your head pick up the sound waves, too. They carry the sound waves straight to your inner(里面的) ears. You get the sound from the outside and the inside too. Other people get just the sound waves from the outside. That’s why they don’t hear your voice the way you do.

　　◆The passage is mainly about _________.

　　A. waves in the air B. the way you hear your own voice

　　C. voice gets around far and wide D. the different ways you and others hear your voice

　　【分析】这篇阅读材料所讲的是我们每个人都熟悉的事。

　　通读全文，我们知道短文的大意是：别人听到我们声音的方式与我们自己听到的方式是不同的。周围的空气将我们说话时发出的声波传送到外耳。由于声音是从头的内部发出来的，我们自己的头骨也受到声波的振动，并直接将声波传送到内耳里。这也就是说，我们自己是从外部和内部两处同时听到声音的。而别人则不然，他们只是从外部接收到我们发出的声波。根据短文提供的以上信息，不难看出，这篇短文的主旨是“自己和别人听到自己声音的方式是不同的”。所以答案为D。

　　四、中考英语阅读理解答题技巧及步骤。

　　1、跳读(略读、有选择地读)：读标题、插图、主题句、题干等，把握文章的体裁、题材、话题等。

　　2、扫读(快速地、完全地阅读)：对文章信息精确定位，锁定重要信息，如把握大意、段意，弄清人物、时间、地点、数字等之间的关系。

　　3、选读：(对准题目、有选择性地细读)确定中心思想及标题;了解用以阐述中心思想的事实及细节;对作者的暗示或隐含思想进行判断、推理、引申;根据上下文推测词义。

　　★加快阅读速度技巧：扩大视距。要以意群为单位，注重对整句话的理解，扩大注视空间。带问题阅读：先浏览短文后面的题目，做到心中有数，带着目的去阅读，以提高阅读实效。

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